Notes
Article by John C. Hall, William T. Hall, and Charles J. Simmons published in Water Environment & Technology (June 1997) arguing that EPA’s 1984 and 1993 copper water quality criteria should not be applied directly to municipal effluents (POTWs) because dissolved copper in biologically treated effluents is complexed with organic and inorganic matter and is non-bioavailable and nontoxic to aquatic life including Daphnia. The article critiques EPA’s dissolved metals approach under Clean Water Act Section 304(a), EPA’s Interim Guidance on Interpretation and Implementation of Aquatic Life Criteria for Metals (1992), and Technical Guidance on Aquatic Life Metals Criteria (EPA-1993). Discusses copper detoxification by total organic carbon (TOC), humic acids, fulvic acids, amino acids, and particulate matter; impacts on POTWs, circuit board manufacturers, textile manufacturers, and potable water suppliers; and state responses by Connecticut, North Carolina, and Minnesota. AR 041138.