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Hong and Jee Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020) 52:309–310 https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0395-z Experimental & Molecular Medicine ED I TOR IAL Open Ac ce s s Special issue on ultrafine particles: where are they from and how do they affect us? Goohyeon Hong1 and Young-Koo Jee 1 Recently, as air pollution has worsened, social interest in air pollution and its effect on the human body have increased. Air pollution is a mixture of thousands of components that are harmful to human health1. Particu- late matter (PM) is the principal component of indoor and outdoor air pollution and has been attributed to the most severe health effects2,3. PM is a cocktail of chemicals (hydrocarbons, salts and other compounds given off by vehicles, cooking stoves and industry) and other natural components, such as dust and microorganisms4. PM includes a range of particle sizes, such as coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles (UFPs). Particles are usually defined based on their size: coarse particles are those with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10), fine particles are those with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5), and UFPs are those with a diameter of 100 nm or less1,5. It is known that the increased con- centration of PM in the air leads to worsened symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular disease and increases the prevalence and mortality rate of the disease1,6,7. However, most previous studies have been performed on PM10 or PM2.5. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFP…

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