Exposure Disparities by Income, Race and Ethnicity, and Historic Redlining Grade in the Greater Seattle Area for Ultrafine Particles and Other Air Pollutants Kaya Bramble,1 Magali N. Blanco,2 Annie Doubleday,2 Amanda J. Gassett,2 Anjum Hajat,3 Julian D. Marshall,4 and Lianne Sheppard2,5 1Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 2Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 3Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 4Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 5Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA BACKGROUND: Growing evidence shows ultrafine particles (UFPs) are detrimental to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory health. Historically, racialized and low-income communities are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollution. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to conduct a descriptive analysis of present-day air pollution exposure disparities in the greater Seattle, Washington, area by income, race, ethnicity, and historical redlining grade. We focused on UFPs (particle number count) and compared with black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter (PM2:5) levels. METHODS: We obtained race and ethnicity data from the 2010 U.S. Census, median household income data from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey, and Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining data from the University of Richmond’s Mapping Inequality. We pre- dicted pollutant concentrations at block centroids from 2019 mobile monitoring data. The study region encompassed much of urban Seattle, with…Open full document
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https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/EHP11662